Racist crimes in the USA: statistical analysis / Sudo Null IT News

After my recent article (part , , ) about crime and police shootings in the United States and their connection to race, I decided to continue this topic and analyze other open data in the same vein - fortunately, there is still plenty of it thanks to the FBI's crime reporting program. Today we will examine data on crimes committed on the basis of intolerance. First, let's look at all the statistics as a whole, and then we will look in detail at racial intolerance and specifically crimes committed by whites and blacks based on hostility towards whites and blacks.
Disclaimer
Let me be lazy and send you, dear readers, to look at the disclaimer at the beginning of my first article about crime in the USA. Everything that is written there is also suitable for this study.

Initial data

As initial data, I downloaded the dataset from the Crime Data Explorer website, maintained by the FBI as part of the US Crime Reporting Program (I already wrote about this site in a previous article).
You can download it via direct link here (4.4 MB). The downloaded archive contains the data itself in CSV format, as well as a text description. I did not transform the data in any way, so if you want to repeat the analysis yourself, you should get the same results. I also used data on the US population by race, obtained from official data from the Census Bureau and supplemented by model data for the period from 1991 to 2009. You can download it here (Yandex.Disk). To analyze the geographic distribution of specific indicators, I also needed the population by state, obtained from the same source (download here). I used the same data in my previous article.

Blood oath

The shocking recording, seized during the investigation from a 25-year-old furniture factory worker, shows eerie footage: two men of Slavic appearance bleeding, wheezing in their death throes. Their tormentor comments in Dari (the language of Afghan Tajiks - note by Lenta.ru

) happening. As experts will later translate the speech, he calls for jihad, and then takes the oath to Caliph al-Baghdadi.

Let us remind you: Caliph Abu Bakr al-Husseini al-Qurayshi al-Baghdadi calls himself a direct descendant of the Prophet Muhammad, and it was he, according to the faithful, who created the “Islamic State” (an organization banned in Russia) - after he and his followers were expelled from al-Qaeda. The United States announced a reward of $10 million for the head of the man to whom the 25-year-old Tajik swore an oath. The Americans valued only the head of the surgeon al-Zawahari, the leader of al-Qaeda, higher than him.

As experts have established, the filming was taken at about three o'clock in the morning on June 17, 2021 on the shore of Barskie Ponds in the town of Fryazino near Moscow - the bodies of two brutally stabbed local fishermen were found there.

What are hate crimes and how are they recorded?

From the FBI website:

The FBI's UCR Program defines hate crime as a committed criminal offense which is motivated, in whole or in part, by the offender's bias(es) against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, ethnicity, gender, or gender identity.

Translation:

The FBI Crime Reporting Program defines a hate crime as a crime committed that is motivated (in part or in whole) by the offender's bias against race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, ethnic group, gender, or gender identity.

The certificate accompanying the original crime dataset also states the following (italics retained):

Because motivation is subjective, it is sometimes difficult to know with certainty whether a crime resulted from the offender's bias. Moreover, the presence of bias alone does not necessarily mean that a crime can be considered a hate crime. Only when a law enforcement investigation reveals sufficient evidence to lead a reasonable and prudent person to conclude that the offender's actions
were motivated, in whole or in part, by his or her bias, should an agency report an incident as a hate crime.

In other words, all cases registered in the database as crimes motivated by intolerance should be included there only after the motive for the criminal’s actions has been established by the investigation.
Naturally, it is impossible to verify the conclusions of the investigation in each case, since the database aggregates the reports of hundreds of different law enforcement agencies across the country and access to all investigation materials is (one can assume) only for FBI employees. The database itself provides only ready-made statistics.

Database structure

The database contains data on hate crimes from 1991 to 2021. At the time of writing, the latest entry dates back to December 31, 2021, with a total of 201,403 entries.
Each record is one crime incident. Thus, we get an average of 7193 crimes per year. List of database fields in original CSV format

INCIDENT_ID: Event (crime) ID
DATA_YEAR
: year in which the crime was committed
ORI: ID of the agency (law enforcement) that provided the data
PUB_AGENCY_NAME: public name of the agency/service (usually the same as the city)
PUB_AGENCY_UNIT: name of the service unit (for example, county)
AGENCY_TYPE_NAME: service type (municipal/county)
STATE_ABBR: State abbreviation
STATE_NAME
: full state name
DIVISION_NAME: name of the region (which includes several states)
REGION_NAME: name of the macroregion (which includes several regions)
POPULATION_GROUP_CODE: crime location code by population
POPULATION_GROUP_DESC: description of the crime location by population (for example, “a city with a population of 0.5 to 1 million”)
INCIDENT_DATE: date of commission of the crime
ADULT_VICTIM_COUNT: number of adult victims
JUVENILE_VICTIM_COUNT: number of minor victims
TOTAL_OFFENDER_COUNT: total number of offenders
ADULT_OFFENDER_COUNT: number of adult offenders
JUVENILE_OFFENDER_COUNT: number of juvenile offenders
OFFENDER_RACE
: race/s of the offender(s)
OFFENDER_ETHNICITY: ethnic group of the offender(s) (Hispanic/non-Hispanic/Mixed/Unknown)
VICTIM_COUNT: total number of victims (individuals and legal entities)
OFFENSE_NAME
: type of crime committed
TOTAL_INDIVIDUAL_VICTIMS: total number of victims (individuals)
LOCATION_NAME: crime scene (e.g. apartment, highway, school, etc.)
BIAS_DESC
: type of intolerance (motive for crime)
VICTIM_TYPES
: category/s of victims (individuals / authorities / private company, etc.)
MULTIPLE_OFFENSE: multiple crime marker (i.e. if more than one type of crime was committed)
MULTIPLE_BIAS: multiple motive marker (not one, but several types of intolerance)

In the study, I use only a few fields (those in
bold
) because my main goal is
to find connections between types of crimes, types of intolerance, and the race of the perpetrators
. However, in your own research you can, of course, go further and analyze, for example, the ages of the criminals and victims, or the typical locations of crimes depending on their types, etc. As they say, the scope of imagination is unlimited

Types of crimes

The database includes 13 main types of crimes:

crimes against the person
: murder, rape, assault, felonious assault, personal threat and human trafficking (sexual slavery and slave labor)
property crimes
: robbery, trespassing, theft, theft, arson and property damage/vandalism

and also (in the expanded framework we will use) additional types of offenses such as drug trafficking, fraud and even more “exotic” ones in the context of intolerance, such as prostitution, incest or sodomy.
All 48 categories of crimes (names in original)

Aggravated Assault All Other Larceny Animal Cruelty Arson Assisting or Promoting Prostitution Betting/Wagering Bribery Burglary/Breaking & Entering Counterfeiting/Forgery Credit Card/Automated Teller Machine Fraud Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property Drug Equipment Violations Drug/Narcotic Violations Embezzlement Extortion/Blackmail False Pretenses/Swindle/Confidence Game Fondling Hacking/Computer Invasion Human Trafficking, Commercial Sex Acts Identity Theft Impersonation Incest Intimidation Kidnapping/Abduction Motor Vehicle Theft Murder and Nonnegligent Manslaughter Negligent Manslaughter Not Specified Pocket-picking Pornography/Obscene Material Prostitution Purchasing Prostitution Purse-snatching Rape Robbery Sexual Assault With An Object Shoplifting Simple Assault Sodomy Statutory Rape Stolen Property Offenses Theft From Building Theft From Coin-Operated Machine or Device Theft From Motor Vehicle Theft of Motor Vehicle Parts or Accessories Weapon Law Violations Welfare Fraud Wire Fraud

Types of intolerance / motives for crimes

In accordance with the definition above, the following types of intolerance are entered into the database:

against race
(anti-white, anti-black, anti-Asian, anti-Jewish, etc.)
anti-ethnicity
(anti-Hispanic)
against a confession or religious worldview
(against Christians, against atheists, against Muslims, against Jehovah's Witnesses, etc.)
against sexual orientation or gender
(against male and female homosexuals, against men, against women, against transgender people, etc.)
against physical limitations
(hatred of disabled people)

Moreover, each crime can have up to 5 different types of intolerance as a motive. Therefore, when working with such multiple characteristics, we will have to enlarge the categories.

Categories of victims

The program records crimes both against individuals and against organizations, the state or even society as a whole, while highlighting the number of individuals affected.
We will only consider cases with injured people. So, armed with Python with pandas or a couple of other libraries (see the “Tools” section in my previous article), and also not forgetting to skip coffee, tea, beer or kombucha (whatever you like)… we pull the mask over our face, put on surgical gloves , adjusting the operating lamp and...

A story of murder out of hatred

* “Felix qui notuit rerum!” (lat. “Felix qui potuit rerum”) “Happy is he who could know the nature of things” (Virgil. Georgics. 11. 490-492).

“Dear friends,” he said, “excitement prevents me from speaking.” You caught me in a net of surprise, forcing me to remember that today is indeed the thirty year anniversary of my modest, very modest public service to society. These thirty modest years, gentlemen, do not come immediately, and often, unfortunately, too often they silver the curly temples of those. those who experience it themselves. God knows, gentlemen, that I did not want any honors and avoided them in every possible way, not feeling myself in any right to take advantage of merits that are, in essence, so small that each of us boasts of them completely without any, even weak, connection to his thirtieth birthday . Yes, I tried to defend, that is, to purely legally implement the rights of the poor and oppressed, I meant something in literature, I pushed the public somewhere. This is what we all did, together and independently, without realizing the merits of Russian society in various areas of life and knowledge. And I believe, gentlemen, I sincerely believe that it is not me that you are honoring today, but that unfading ideal in which, like a drop of water, everything we have experienced and felt is concentrated.

Subsequently, Felix Vladislavovich’s speech flowed and ended in full agreement with what was previously expressed by others and with what he had prepared the day before. There was applause, a lot was drunk, and the wonderful impression of the holiday was not disturbed even by the closest and very tipsy friend of the hero of the day, who teased him with kisses and words: “What a beast you are, how cleverly you equipped everything!”

When, having gone home, everyone was already asleep, some quietly, some muttering incoherently and spitting, the one and only Felix Vladislavovich, despite his fatigue and the very late hour, sat at his desk, looking for the best and most modest and calm expressions for letters to the editor:

“Not being able to personally thank everyone who honored me with visits, letters and telegrams on the occasion of my thirtieth birthday. "and so on, and so on.

MURDER OUT OF HATE

And life would have been wonderful for us if it weren’t for our neighbor, Gustav Gustavovich, half a mile away, who also spent the summer in the lap of nature and gave us constant attention. I don’t understand how you can wear a jacket in the village with a starched collar, and even a standing one, with these curved corners to place your Adam’s apple between them. And of course, a bow tie. Both of my friends and I walked in the village as Arkharovites, a collarless shirt with former trousers that had lost all decency, our arms up to the elbows covered in abrasions and in the ground, we wiped away sweat with our sleeves. Gustav Gustavovich did not condemn this, but he always expressed a weighty judgment about everything; Thus, he said: “When conquering nature, a person is forced to temporarily abandon the already achieved conveniences of civilization; later he rewards himself in proportion to these expenses.” And he looked at us affectionately and approvingly through the microscope. When we were pulling carrots, he, standing as close as possible on the boundary, explained to us why the crowding of root crops causes the development of the above-ground part of the plant to the detriment of that root part, which is valued on the farm as a food product. When we were grafting apple trees, he expressed a very correct, although already somewhat familiar idea to us, that grafting is based on the ability of organisms to exist parasitically, feeding on the juices of another organism, mainly similar in appearance. All this was undoubtedly interesting and did not interfere with the work. The horse swats away the gadflies with its tail, but we simply didn’t have time to listen. But when he came to haymaking, sometimes a criminal desire was born in us to cut his legs obliquely, especially when he said: “The originality of the plant world is that disruption of established nutritional functions by eliminating parts possessing chlorophyll immediately causes increased activity. the underground part of the plant, its root system, which, in turn, causes new growth, often more luxuriant, since it delays the moment of flowering.” And at that time the mown grass was choking with its aroma, sweat was pouring from us like hail, the larks in the sky were screaming and disorderly, and it seemed to us that somewhere nearby on the road the wheel of an ungreased cart was creaking.

Source

Dissecting the data

As in the previous article, I perform all the analysis in Jupyter Lab / Notebook on Python 3.8. Here I will not cite or comment on the code itself - you can download it from this link (there is a listing and a file in Jupyter Notebook format in the archive). Let's focus more on the results we get. All graphs are clickable

Data overview and top lists

After loading data from CSV (only the columns needed for research), we get the following dataframe:

YEAR	STATE_NAME	OFFENDER_RACE	OFFENSE_NAME	BIAS_DESC	VICTIM_TYPES
0	1991	Arkansas	White	Intimidation	Anti-Black or African American	Individual
1	1991	Arkansas	Black or African American	Simple Assault	Anti-White	Individual
2	1991	Arkansas	Black or African American	Aggravated Assault	Anti-Black or African American	Individual
3	1991	Arkansas	Black or African American	Aggravated Assault;Destruction/Damage/Vandalis…	Anti-White	Individual
4	1991	Arkansas	Black or African American	Aggravated Assault	Anti-White	Individual
…	…	…	…	…	…	…
201398	2018	West Virginia	NaN	Burglary/Breaking & Entering	Anti-Black or African American	Individual
201399	2018	West Virginia	White	Simple Assault	Anti-Black or African American	Individual
201400	2018	West Virginia	NaN	Intimidation	Anti-Asian	Individual
201401	2018	West Virginia	White	Intimidation	Anti-White	Law Enforcement Officer
201402	2018	West Virginia	NaN	Burglary/Breaking & Entering;Destruction/Damag…	Anti-Other Religion	Religious Organization

201403 rows × 6 columns

More than 200 thousand lines and a little more than 8 MB of memory. Let's first look at the top 10 crimes committed, types of intolerance (motives), races of criminals and categories of victims:

So what we see here:

The most common type of crime is property damage/vandalism
, followed closely by
personal threat
(intimidation). Each of these types of crime accounts for almost a third of all cases. Then there are attacks, and robbery and other crimes are much less common.
intolerance towards blacks
leads by a wide margin (more than a third of all cases), then in descending order, but at approximately the same level: intolerance towards Jews, intolerance towards whites, intolerance towards gays. Other types of intolerance are statistically an order of magnitude less common than the leader.
70% of all crimes are committed by whites
, about 23% by blacks, the rest “within the margin of error.”
Crimes against persons
account for 80% of all cases.

Just looking at these graphs, one can imagine that almost all crimes are whites threatening blacks with violence or damaging their property... But let's look at what crimes and types of intolerance are most typical for each racial category of criminals:

OFFENSE_COUNT	TOP_OFFENSE	TOP_OFFENSE_SHARE	TOP_BIAS	TOP_BIAS_SHARE	TOP_VICTIM	TOP_VICTIM_SHARE
OFFENDER_RACE
White	79514	Intimidation	36.796036	Anti-Black or African American	46.877279	Individual	92.730840
Black or African American	25956	Simple Assault	36.292187	Anti-White	46.594236	Individual	94.760364
Multiple	4047	Simple Assault	36.545589	Anti-Black or African American	29.033852	Individual	91.153941
Asian	1453	Simple Assault	31.865107	Anti-Black or African American	30.075705	Individual	93.048864
American Indian or Alaska Native	1095	Simple Assault	40.182648	Anti-White	31.415525	Individual	93.059361
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	35	Simple Assault	45.714286	Anti-Other Religion	22.857143	Individual	77.142857

In this table:

OFFENSE_COUNT - the total number of crimes committed by representatives of this race
TOP_OFFENSE - the most common type of crime for representatives of this race
TOP_BIAS - the most common type of intolerance (motive for crime) for representatives of this race
TOP_VICTIM - the most common category of victims for representatives of this race

For each typical category, the corresponding percentages of total crimes committed by members of that race are also presented.
Here you can see that for blacks and whites the main motive is racial intolerance towards members of the opposite race (47% of crimes for both races). At the same time, white criminals are mainly engaged in threats and intimidation

(37% of crimes), and blacks -
non-aggravated assaults
(36% of crimes). (It's amazing what a percentage match these two races show!) By the way, only for white criminals the main type of crime does not involve physical harm (threats); representatives of other races are more likely to commit attacks.

It can also be noted that Asians and representatives of mixed races (mestizo) also generally show hostility towards blacks, Indians and Eskimos - towards whites, but Hawaiians - towards “non-believers”. Well, these statistics have so far (for me personally) turned out to be quite expected.

Let's look at the number of crimes by year for each race of criminals:

As you might expect, the crimes of whites and blacks dominate the graph over the other races, which do not even show changes due to the difference in scale. The peak on the white side here falls on 1995 - 2002, and on the black side - the early 1990s. Since 2002, the number of crimes committed by whites motivated by intolerance has fallen quite steadily, having decreased by half compared to the peak in 2001; however, after 2021 it began to rise steeply again. Intolerance among blacks gradually declined from 1995 to 2004, but then began to rise just as smoothly, reaching the 1995 level in 2021.

It is interesting to note here that under Barack Obama (who, as we know, belongs to the African-American race), that is, from 2009 to 2017, the number of crimes among whites decreased very sharply, but at the same time the number of crimes among blacks showed a stable height. Earlier, under Bush (2001 - 2009), after a peak in crimes among whites in the first year of his presidency, the number of crimes committed by representatives of both races came to a “shelf” and remained virtually unchanged. But under Clinton (1993 - 2001), crimes among whites grew rapidly, almost year after year, while crimes among blacks, on the contrary, gradually decreased.

Well, let's look at the main trends. Let's now filter the data, leaving only the most necessary for further analysis.

First filtering: by type of crime and victims

In accordance with the research presented in my previous article, we will perform a similar filtering of data for analysis:

among the categories of victims we will leave only individuals (we will exclude crimes against organizations, authorities and the whole society);
Among the types of crimes, we will leave only murders, assaults (serious and ordinary), robberies and rapes as the most “villainous”.

Let's see what happened:

YEAR	STATE_NAME	OFFENDER_RACE	OFFENSE_NAME	BIAS_DESC	COUNT
0	1991	Arizona	Black or African American	Assault	Anti-Gay (Male)	1
1	1991	Arizona	Black or African American	Assault	Anti-White	4
2	1991	Arizona	White	Assault	Anti-Black or African American	10
3	1991	Arkansas	Black or African American	Assault	Anti-Black or African American	1
4	1991	Arkansas	Black or African American	Assault	Anti-White	4
…	…	…	…	…	…	…
16428	2018	Wisconsin	White	Assault	Anti-Hispanic or Latino	1
16429	2018	Wisconsin	White	Assault	Anti-Hispanic or Latino;Anti-White	1
16430	2018	Wisconsin	White	Assault	Anti-Physical Disability	1
16431	2018	Wisconsin	White	Assault	Anti-Sikh	1
16432	2018	Wisconsin	White	Assault	Anti-White	1

16433 rows × 6 columns

Filtering and aggregating data made it possible to reduce the volume by 12 times without compromising factors important for analysis. New COUNT

at the end contains the number of crimes for a given year, state, race of offender, type of crime and motive.

As an intermediate step, let's look at the distribution of crimes by race of offenders:

and by type of intolerance:

So, white and black criminals together make up 93% of all cases (there are twice as many crimes among whites, but we know that there are 5 times more whites themselves). Therefore, it is not at all surprising that the proportion is almost the same by type of intolerance: 33% of crimes are motivated by intolerance towards blacks, 18% - intolerance towards whites. It is interesting to note here in passing that crimes motivated by intolerance towards whites are approximately equal in number to crimes motivated by intolerance towards homosexuals - this is the third largest motive.

Second filtering: by race of criminals and motive of crimes

The next logical step is to leave only black and white criminals and, accordingly, only “black and white” motives for crimes. By this we narrow the object of study to racism among whites and blacks. After additional filtering, our data array looks something like this:

YEAR	STATE_NAME	OFFENDER_RACE	OFFENSE_NAME	BIAS_DESC	COUNT
0	1991	Arizona	Black	Assault	Anti-White	4
1	1991	Arizona	White	Assault	Anti-Black	10
2	1991	Arkansas	Black	Assault	Anti-Black	1
3	1991	Arkansas	Black	Assault	Anti-White	4
4	1991	Arkansas	Black	Murder	Anti-White	1
…	…	…	…	…	…	…
3870	2018	West Virginia	White	Assault	Anti-White	2
3871	2018	Wisconsin	Black	Assault	Anti-Black	1
3872	2018	Wisconsin	Black	Assault	Anti-White	4
3873	2018	Wisconsin	White	Assault	Anti-Black	6
3874	2018	Wisconsin	White	Assault	Anti-White	2

3875 rows × 6 columns

It's time to include specific indicators in the analysis (per population for each racial group). To do this, we will load population data from the file us_pop_1991-2018.csv.

Let's see how the US population is generally distributed by race (annual averages for 1991 - 2021):

There are 5.8 times more whites than blacks. All other races make up 11% of the population.

Next, we add population data to our dataset and calculate the specific number of crimes per 1 million representatives of each race.

Remembering that after the first filtering we were left with 4 types of crimes (murder, assault, robbery and rape), let's look at the distribution of these crimes for both races in absolute and specific indicators:

Separately for murders and rapes (since they are not visible on the general graphs):

What do we see here? And we see this:

Of the types of crimes analyzed, assaults lead by a wide margin (25 times more than robbery, 250 times more than murder and rape).
There are twice as many attacks committed by whites, but in specific terms blacks commit attacks almost 3 times more often.
Robberies committed by blacks are 1.5 times more in absolute numbers and 10 times more in specific numbers.
In total, whites committed slightly more murders than blacks, and about the same number of rapes. In specific terms, blacks are raped 6 times more often and killed 3.6 times more often than whites. Between murder and rape, whites “prefer” murder, and blacks prefer rape.

Features of the crime

The reasons provided for in paragraph “l” of Part 2 of Art. 105 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation can be divided into two parts:

hostility due to political, ideological views, race and nationality;
religious hatred.

The first part represents hostility to the characteristics of a particular person, that is, not to the individual, but specifically to his belonging to a race or nation or ideology hated by the criminal.

Hatred	Characteristic
Ideological	Dislike for someone else's ideology, that is, a set of views and ideas in relation to a specific issue
Political	Hostility caused by the connection of the victim with political parties, authorities, public associations, as well as his political beliefs
Racial	The attitude towards a person as inferior, associated with his belonging to any race (Negroid, Mongoloid, etc.). Hatred is based on the external biological differences between people, eye and skin color, eye shape
National	Hostility towards an ethnic community united by territory, language, culture and other characteristics

Such murders are loud, aimed at openly demonstrating their hatred. If their goal is to incite national or other hatred, then the crime is qualified under two articles at once, namely under paragraph “l” of Part 2 of Art. 105 and paragraph “a”, part 2, art. 282 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (a separate provision on inciting hostility). This rule is established in PPVS No. 11 dated June 28, 2011.

Important! If the victim belonged to any race unpleasant to the victim, but the murder was committed for personal reasons, for example, because of a domestic quarrel, then it is not subject to qualification under paragraph “l”.

Video about Article 282 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation

Punishment

Murder motivated by political, ideological, racial, or national hatred is especially serious, which implies a high severity of punishment for its commission. The article has an alternative sanction and contains:

imprisonment for a term of eight to twenty years with restriction of freedom for a term of one to two years;
life imprisonment;
death penalty .

Racist crimes by year

Let's see how the number of racist crimes committed by blacks and whites changed over the entire period:

It is not difficult to draw obvious conclusions from these graphs:

On average, whites commit slightly more racist crimes per year, but 4-5 times less often in specific terms (in other words, an African-American is 4-5 times more likely to commit a racist crime than a white).
However, since the 1990s, the specific rate of racist crimes among blacks has been gradually falling, having decreased by one and a half times over a quarter of a century.
When moving from absolute indicators to specific indicators, the jumps in white crimes smoothed out significantly, which indicates a direct correlation between the number of crimes committed by whites and the size of the white population. However, this is not the case for blacks: large jumps remained in the unit plot, which indicates a poor relationship between racism among blacks and black population growth. Simply put, racism among whites has been relatively stable
(almost constant) since 1993, while racism among blacks is more likely
to be influenced by external factors
, such as socio-political and domestic events in the country.

Let's take a look at the generalized (average annual) indicators:

Once again we are convinced of the observations made: on average, whites commit 15-16% more crimes motivated by racism, but at the same time, due to the difference in the number of whites and blacks, as we know, it is almost 6 times, blacks are just as many times more likely commit such crimes.

"MURDER OUT OF HATE"

- In essence, what we call harmony of colors or harmony of sounds is not real absolute harmony, but only the coincidence of the number of vibrations with the conventional number we previously accepted. Hello!

The cuckoo choked, the squirrel died, and the grass withered. You brought a vial of nectar to your lips, but it turned out to be slurry. It even cut my heart, and then for the first time the thought of murder arose in my soul. I turned around and saw a bow tie and a quite decent face.

I borrowed wax from a belated bee and covered its ears, so we came home relatively peacefully.
My Tolstoyan, as a non-resistance, was even pleased, since he could exercise his will, and I was shaking until Gustav Gustavovich went home, and at night I dreamed of rhetoric on a donkey. I swung a pitchfork at her and woke up because I had hit the wall with my fist in a dream. Watch by
O. Kh. Lopatina Grandmother Tatyana Egorovna has been very excited since the morning.
On the. A man similar to Pushkin
If you lived in Moscow, then perhaps you met f. on Tverskoy Boulevard.

Source

Is it only whites against blacks, blacks against whites?

Let's add the intolerance parameter to our general indicators, i.e. motive for crimes. As you remember, as a result of filtering, we left only two motives: intolerance towards the white race and intolerance towards the black race. How are they distributed between white and black criminals? 100% polar, of course? But no!

Of course, there is polarization, but it turns out that there are crimes committed by blacks based on racial hostility towards their own people, and the same thing among whites. (I am sure that there are also crimes committed by homosexuals motivated by hatred of homosexuals, by women motivated by hatred of women, etc., because “man” sounds proudly complex; of course, you can check all this for yourself!)

But what is curious here: the share of crimes committed by blacks motivated by hatred towards their own people is 11% of all crimes committed by blacks, and for whites this figure is 9%. That is, a black person has a slightly higher chance of turning against his own people.

Mikhail Osorgin - Murder out of Hate: A Story

This very summer I came to stay with a friend, a landowner at five minutes; he bought eight acres of forest and arable land in Maloyaroslavets district, built himself a three-room hut, started an orchard, planted a vegetable garden and acquired a horse Vaska, who plowed the fields and meadow in the spring and autumn, and in the winter ate everything that grew on them. There was, of course, a cow named Olga Spiridonovna, and the dog was called Chevalier. My friend was a Tolstoyan, but he did not oppress anyone with either sermons or good deeds; you could talk to him simply and pleasantly, and if it happened over a pickled cucumber, he drank vodka with all the moderation of a healthy and busy person. He wrote a book, but he didn’t read it out loud to me—that’s also good. He taught me how to mow, weed the garden, put fallen leaves, tops, manure and all sorts of rubbish into a compost heap, which is not at all so easy. And since there was a river nearby with curly banks, with creeks and rapids, I was happy, because I’ve never been particularly friendly with a gun, and when it comes to fish, I can’t overcome the cruelty in myself: especially the pike have something to remember me about.

And life would have been wonderful for us if it weren’t for our neighbor, Gustav Gustavovich, half a mile away, who also spent the summer in the lap of nature and gave us constant attention. I don’t understand how you can wear a jacket in the village with a starched collar, and even a standing one, with these curved corners to place your Adam’s apple between them. And of course, a bow tie. Both of my friends and I walked in the village as Arkharovites, a collarless shirt with former trousers that had lost all decency, our arms up to the elbows covered in abrasions and in the ground, we wiped away sweat with our sleeves. Gustav Gustavovich did not condemn this, but he always expressed a weighty judgment about everything; Thus, he said: “When conquering nature, a person is forced to temporarily abandon the already achieved conveniences of civilization; later he rewards himself in proportion to these expenses.” And he looked at us affectionately and approvingly through the microscope. When we were pulling carrots, he, standing as close as possible on the boundary, explained to us why the crowding of root crops causes the development of the above-ground part of the plant to the detriment of their root part, which is valued on the farm as a food product. When we were grafting apple trees, he expressed a very correct, although already somewhat familiar idea to us, that grafting is based on the ability of organisms to exist parasitically, feeding on the juices of another organism, mainly similar in species. All this was undoubtedly interesting and did not interfere with the work. The horse swats away the gadflies with its tail, but we simply didn’t have time to listen. But when he came to haymaking, sometimes a criminal desire was born in us to cut his legs obliquely, especially when he said: “The originality of the plant world is that disruption of established nutritional functions by eliminating parts possessing chlorophyll immediately causes increased activity. the underground part of the plant, its root system, which, in turn, causes new growth, often more luxuriant, since it delays the moment of flowering.” And at that time the mown grass was choking with its aroma, sweat was pouring from us like hail, the larks in the sky were screaming and disorderly, and it seemed to us that somewhere nearby on the road the wheel of an ungreased cart was creaking.

One day before evening I went wandering into the forest without any intentions or goals, except to collect some brushwood and fir cones for the stove and samovar on the way back. The forest is like a temple, it cleanses the soul and inspires thoughts to higher thoughts; you can give your favorite book for a good coniferous forest. And the forest there was oh so good, although not pure coniferous, but mixed with deciduous. He made his way through the hazel tree, passed aspen and birch and emerged into the spruce twilight, where his foot slid over fallen needles and sorrel and hare cabbage grew. While I was breathing here, the sun began to set, and I was drawn to a familiar clearing, where this year the grass reached up to my throat. Here I stopped and began to fall in love with the world; this needs to be done sometimes so that life doesn’t get boring; however, I was young and still believed in something. The air was filled with resin, honey and the miracle of herbs; Before going to bed, various birds were chatting about tomorrow, a squirrel was proud of its tail, a woodpecker was hammering out its alphabet, and who knows who was rustling in the grass, maybe a respected, but not a terrible snake, or perhaps a hedgehog. And I am like one of my own in their company, not the king of nature, but an equal brother. The orchestra plays quietly, mutely, the cuckoo counts the years, the grasshoppers saw theirs, and I think: “Let me live and dream next to you, gentlemen living beings, do not reject me for the bad human smell!” Surrounded by all sorts of familiar blades of grass and brooding flowers, I stood motionless and waited for some other miracle, for example, a voice from the sky or from a tree hollow. And when I was thus drowned in the forest whisper and fragrant evening coolness, suddenly a voice really rang out behind me:

I’ll simply say: two months before, I was so tired of this man of daily meetings that at his very approach I ran away into the field. Once I even wanted to dig a wolf hole with stakes in the middle of the path along which he came to us, but it was very difficult. Once he seemed to accidentally grab him with a rake and didn’t apologize. He scratched the bruised area and explained something about the reasons for the disproportion of movements and the excess expenditure of working energy, citing the example of an ant in vain dragging a weight onto a dried stem of grass. I said, "Damn!" — but he didn’t take it personally.

Source

Geography of crimes

Finally, let's look at the distribution of racist crime across US states.
To calculate specific indicators, as usual, we will need to load the numbers by state and race from the us_pop_states_race_2010-2019.csv file. Average annual numbers of whites and blacks by state:

OK, nothing new: overpopulated California, Texas, Florida and New York, where, as you could see from the last article, quantitatively more crimes are committed.

But is the share of the black population the same everywhere - the notorious 13%? Let's see:

So, more than half of the entire District of Columbia is black (where the glorious city of the Pentagon Washington is located), about a third in the cotton southern states - Mississippi, Louisiana, Georgia, Alabama, South Carolina and in one northern one (Maryland, where the District of Columbia, where the glorious city is...) ; the rest have less than a quarter. That being said, this is just for reference.

What about crimes? Let's look at the average annual indicators in absolute and specific terms:

It can be seen that the most populous state, California, leads in the absolute number of crimes. But then Florida and Texas were squeezed out by Michigan, Illinois and Maryland, the economically more developed northern states. And on the specific chart, the least populated states came out ahead - Montana, Vermont, Idaho, North and South Dakota, Alaska (all also in the north of the country). It is clear that the proportion of crimes between whites and blacks is not the same across states, despite the dominance of blacks in terms of specific indicators (for example, the District of Columbia and Hawaii stand out on the “white” side).

We will display it on the map (for greater clarity, we will replace the average annual indicators with the accumulated amount).

First in absolute terms:

The Northeast of the country (especially Michigan) plus California and Washington on the Pacific coast stand out here. And in specific terms:

There is a noticeable predominance of the north with the least populated states: the District of Columbia, both Dakotas and the same Washington, as well as a couple of states on the eastern and western sides. At the same time, the southern states do not show significant crime among the population.

In general, if you are asking the question “Where will I see more racially motivated crimes?”, look at the first map. If your question is “Where is each person more likely to commit a racist crime?” - see the second card. I will not draw any other conclusions regarding distribution.

A story of murder out of hatred

Mikhail Andreevich Osorgin.
Murder out of hatred And life would have been wonderful for us if it weren’t for our neighbor, Gustav Gustavovich, half a mile away, who also spent the summer in the lap of nature and gave us constant attention. I don’t understand how you can wear a jacket in the village with a starched collar, and even a standing one, with these curved corners to place your Adam’s apple between them. And of course, a bow tie. Both of my friends and I walked in the village as Arkharovites, a collarless shirt with former trousers that had lost all decency, our arms up to the elbows covered in abrasions and in the ground, we wiped away sweat with our sleeves. Gustav Gustavovich did not condemn this, but he always expressed a weighty judgment about everything; Thus, he said: “When conquering nature, a person is forced to temporarily abandon the already achieved conveniences of civilization; later he rewards himself in proportion to these expenses.” And he looked at us affectionately and approvingly through the microscope. When we were pulling carrots, he, standing as close as possible on the boundary, explained to us why the crowding of root crops causes the development of the above-ground part of the plant to the detriment of that root part, which is valued on the farm as a food product. When we were grafting apple trees, he expressed a very correct, although already somewhat familiar idea to us, that grafting is based on the ability of organisms to exist parasitically, feeding on the juices of another organism, mainly similar in appearance. All this was undoubtedly interesting and did not interfere with the work. The horse swats away the gadflies with its tail, but we simply didn’t have time to listen. But when he came to haymaking, sometimes a criminal desire was born in us to cut his legs obliquely, especially when he said: “The originality of the plant world is that disruption of established nutritional functions by eliminating parts containing chlorophyll immediately causes increased activity. the underground part of the plant, its root system, which, in turn, causes new growth, often more luxuriant, since it delays the moment of flowering.” And at that time the mown grass was choking with its aroma, sweat was pouring from us like hail, the larks in the sky were screaming and disorderly, and it seemed to us that somewhere nearby on the road the wheel of an ungreased cart was creaking.

Source

Instead of conclusions

How is it going with Bulgakov?
“Facts are the most stubborn things in the world.” If we are told something from all sides, it is not necessarily true - it may turn out to be a half-truth or a lie. But having facts in your hands in the form of N number of data sets, you can confirm or refute certain arguments yourself. You can build hypotheses and confirm/refute them using statistical methods, or you can simply examine the data without any hypotheses and find certain patterns in them, which in turn will help either draw conclusions or propose hypotheses that can then be “dissected.” It's up to you to decide whether to take your word for it or check it out. Of course, this little analysis is far from complete. It is done superficially, because I only looked at the basic indicators, without using even a quarter of the available apparatus of mathematical statistics. Of course, one can argue about the quality of the source data. Can all recorded data be trusted? Are all crimes recorded? Who determines the motives for intolerance and how? But as for me, I would rather analyze official open data as-is than be content with statements like “a toxic substance X was found in the blood of Mr. N” or “country W has been systematically violating human rights for decades.”

In the comments to my previous research, I was asked many times to distinguish between “pure whites” and “Latinos”, since cultures do have differences. I would not be against it, but, unfortunately, this cannot be done in either case due to the paucity of information about this ethnic characteristic in the source data. For example, in the data we analyze in this article, of the 79,514 crimes committed by whites, only 6,999 are labeled as ethnic, with only 489 labeled as “Hispanic or Latino” (that's 0.6%). Of course, such data cannot be used for analysis.

Money and scissors

Here’s another case: Behrouz met a user on the social network Odnoklassniki who introduced himself as Sanya. The young people began to correspond and call each other, then Sanya invited Bekhruz to come to his country house, located in the village of Golevo, Krasnogorsk district, Moscow region. On August 9, Bekhrouz went to Golyevo, where he met his new acquaintance at a bus stop at about seven in the evening. The country house was brick, old, from Soviet times and was located a ten-minute walk from the station. The men approached the house and went inside. We walked through the corridor and entered the room. Sanya left Behrouz alone for a couple of minutes. Then three unknown people entered the room along with Sanya.

In their hands, the unknown persons held a pistol, a knife, an ax handle and metal scissors, probably used by them for torture. Those who entered demanded all of Behrouz's personal belongings, including his unlocked phone, threatening violence. Having forcibly taken away Behrouz’s passport, phone and bank card, the criminals began to strike him with their hands, feet and an ax handle in the face, neck, torso and back, and acted extremely harshly. Then they shot Behrouz four times with a traumatic pistol at point-blank range. One shot each was in the neck and back, two in the lumbar region. Behrouz did not see who shot: he was being held. The violators filmed everything that happened on their phone camera.

The beating continued until Behrouz agreed to give them the passcode for his mobile phone. They deleted the correspondence with Sanya, copied the mobile phone numbers of Behrouz’s relatives, tried to withdraw money through the Sberbank Online mobile application, but, seeing that there were few funds in the bank account, they quickly lost interest in this. Unknown people demanded a sum of money in the amount of 100,000 rubles. Behrouz said he did not have that amount. Threatening, unknown people forced us to look for money by any means. Behrouz started calling his friends, acquaintances, and relatives right from this house, made up a story that he had ended up in the police, and began asking to borrow money. One friend promised to transfer him five hundred euros, but could only do it the next day.

Behrouz tried to negotiate with the criminals to transfer the money received later. In response, the unknown people said: if Behrouz cannot find the amount they named before tomorrow (August 10), they will cut off his fingers and ears. Until the transfer of money, he had to stay in this country house.

In the morning, at about 11 o’clock, the criminals brought a new victim into the room, also a Tajik, of heavy build, quite tall, without a beard, and began to inflict bodily harm on him (they beat him in the face, on the torso, they shot him with a traumatonic weapon). The attackers did not hide their homophobic motive, openly making discriminatory and insulting statements towards the victim. In addition, they cut his finger until it bled, threatening to cut it off completely.

On the same day, Behrouz and the main kidnapper drove from the village to Krasnogorsk to withdraw 500 euros from a friend from a bank. On the way to the bank, the attacker went into a grocery store to buy water. Behrouz waited outside and, realizing that he was unattended, fled from the criminal. He ran for a long time, then ran into some multi-storey building, saw the residents of this building at the entrance and asked to call him a taxi, and when the taxi arrived, he took it to Moscow. On August 12, 2021, Behrouz went to the emergency room of City Clinic No. 3 in Moscow, where doctors recorded physical injuries on him in the form of soft tissue bruises in the neck and chest area.

On October 17, 2021, the Krasnogorsk City Court handed down a guilty verdict against the 21-year-old participant in the kidnapping, finding him guilty of committing crimes under Part 2 of Article 162 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (“robbery”) and paragraphs “a” and “c” of Part 2 of Article 163 Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (“extortion”). He was sentenced to three years and nine months. But the motive of hatred as an aggravating circumstance was again not taken into account.

Fire as a setting for a murder

On the evening of June 16, 2021, in the Moscow region of Fryazin, the Modern furniture factory, which rented premises at a local electronics plant, caught fire. The fire quickly engulfed more than three thousand square meters, the combustion was accompanied by pops - containers with varnish and paint, as well as oxygen cylinders, exploded. The small town was illuminated by a glow, young people were filming the fight against the fire on their mobile phones from a safe distance, and TV channels were reporting from the scene.

Fire at the Modern factory

Frame: Black57 / YouTube

The news about the “red rooster” at the factory quickly reached the workshop workers - citizens of neighboring countries who lived in a rented apartment at number 5 on Barskie Prudy Street. Friday's shift ended around 5 p.m., and the fire broke out an hour later, when most workers had already gone home.

“Khisrav told me about the fire,” the murderer’s neighbor in the apartment later testified. — Around 21:00 he came into our room and said that we all seemed to be out of work. Khisraw himself was not at the factory on Friday - he was working a different shift. We looked out of the window together; a glow was visible there. The fire site was cordoned off by police officers who kept order. At about two o’clock in the morning, Khisrav dressed all in black and left somewhere.”

As the investigation would later establish, Oripov, taking advantage of the fact that all the forces of the local police were concentrated at the factory, went “hunting” to Barskie Ponds.